## What is ITR-5?
ITR-5 is the income tax return form for partnership firms and Limited Liability Partnerships. It is filed under Section 139(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961. Every entity operating under the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 or the LLP Act, 2008 must file it. This applies whether the firm earned a profit or a loss in the financial year.
Unlike ITR-4 (for individuals and HUFs under presumptive taxation) or ITR-6 (for companies), ITR-5 requires disclosure of the firm's profit-sharing arrangement. It requires disclosure of each partner's capital account. It requires specific deductions claimed under Section 40(b). It is the most detailed return form available to non-corporate business entities. Its complexity grows with the number of partners, the variety of income streams, and the volume of related-party transactions.
The form requires the firm to compute its total income after applying deductions permissible under the Act. These include Section 30 (rent), Section 31 (repairs), Section 32 (depreciation), Section 35 (scientific research), Section 37 (general expenses), Section 40(a)(ia) (disallowed TDS shortfall), Section 40(b) (partner salary and interest), and Section 43B (certain deductions only on payment). For firms with gross receipts exceeding ₹1 crore, the return must be accompanied by a tax audit report. This is Form 3CA and Form 3CD. It must be uploaded before the filing due date.
## Who Must File ITR-5 for AY 2026-27
The ITR-5 filing obligation covers two distinct legal forms. Each has its own registration framework. They share the same return form.
**Regular partnership firms** are any firms registered under the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 that are carrying on a business or profession. This includes firms in Gujarat's trading, manufacturing, and services sectors. It includes textile and chemical industries in Surat and Ahmedabad. It includes agro-processing firms in Mehsana and gems and jewellery units in Bhavnagar. Even a firm where all partners are non-residents must file ITR-5.
**Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs)** are mandatorily required to file ITR-5. Every LLP must file an annual return with the IT department. This applies whether the LLP is active, dormant, or under a conversion plan. The LLP's return is independent of the partners' personal ITRs. The LLP's losses do not pass through to partners directly.
**Threshold for Section 44AB tax audit** — For AY 2026-27, a partnership firm or LLP must undergo tax audit if its turnover exceeds ₹1 crore in the previous year. For firms where 95% or more of all receipts are digital, the threshold rises to ₹10 crore. If the firm opts for presumptive taxation under Section 44AD with turnover up to ₹3 crore, audit is not mandatory. But this only applies if all partners are individuals. If the firm carries on a profession, the Section 44AD presumptive route is not available. Audit applies at ₹1 crore regardless.
## Section 44AB Tax Audit — What It Means
Section 44AB of the Income-tax Act requires certain categories of taxpayers to get their accounts audited by a tax professional before filing their income tax return. For partnership firms and LLPs, this is one of the most consequential compliance obligations of the year.
**The audit forms — Form 3CA and Form 3CD.** The tax audit is a certification that the books of account are true and fair. It certifies that the profit and loss disclosed in the return is correctly computed. It certifies that the deductions claimed are within the provisions of the Income-tax Act. Form 3CA is the consolidated audit report. Form 3CD is the detailed statement of particulars. It runs to 40+ pages. It requires the CA to comment on every significant item of income, every disallowance, every related-party transaction, and every TDS deduction.
**The September 30 deadline.** For AY 2026-27, the tax audit report must be uploaded on the e-filing portal by **30 September 2026**. This is one full month before the ITR filing due date of 31 October 2026 for audit cases. This deadline is absolute. There is no extended deadline for difficulty or CA unavailability. If the audit report is not uploaded by 30 September, the ITR filing date is automatically at risk even if the firm has additional time under Section 139(4).
**What the audit checks.** The CA confirms that the firm's revenue recognition is consistent with the method disclosed in the books. They confirm that expenses claimed have been actually incurred. They confirm that TDS has been deducted on all applicable payments. This includes contractor fees, professional fees, rent, and interest. They confirm that Section 40(a)(ia) disallowances are correctly computed for any TDS defaults. They confirm that Section 43B deductions (such as bonus and PF contributions) are claimed only on payment. They confirm that the depreciation claim matches the block-wise asset register. For firms with partner transactions, the CA also reviews the salary and interest payments to partners for compliance with Section 40(b).
**The consequence of not auditing.** If a firm is required to get its accounts audited under Section 44AB but fails to do so, the firm cannot claim any deduction under the heads of profit and gains of business or profession. Effectively, the entire profit is taxed as income without the benefit of any expense deduction. This is in addition to the Section 271(1)(c) penalty and the late filing fee under Section 234F.
## Section 40(b) — Partner Salary and Interest Deduction
Section 40(b) sets the ceiling on two categories of payments. These would otherwise be perfectly legitimate business expenses. They are **partner salary** and **interest on capital**. Amounts paid above the ceiling are **disallowed**. They are added back to the firm's taxable income.
**Partner salary.** A working partner in a partnership firm can receive salary for services rendered to the firm. But only if the Partnership Deed expressly provides for it. The maximum deductible amount is the lower of ₹1,50,000 per partner per year, **or** 90% of the book profit (before deducting such salary).
If the firm has no book profit, the entire salary claim is disallowed. If the book profit is lower than ₹1,50,000 per partner, the entire salary claim is disallowed. For a firm with four partners each drawing ₹2,00,000 per year in salary, the allowable deduction is only ₹1,50,000 per partner. The excess ₹50,000 per partner is added back as taxable income.
For LLPs, designated partners receive remuneration for services rendered to the LLP. This is subject to the same ₹1,50,000 / 90% ceiling. The LLP Agreement must specify the remuneration payable.
**Interest on capital.** Partners are entitled to receive interest on their capital contributions at the rate specified in the Partnership Deed. The deed must make such provision. The maximum deductible rate under Section 40(b) is **12% simple interest per annum** on the partner's actual capital contribution. Any interest paid above 12% is disallowed in full. It is not merely the excess. The entire interest payment to that partner is disallowed if it exceeds the 12% ceiling.
For AY 2026-27, the combined effect of these limits on a firm's tax liability can be significant. A firm with ₹50 lakh in book profit and three partners each with ₹10 lakh in capital, each receiving ₹2,50,000 salary and 15% interest, could have a disallowance of ₹90,000 or more under Section 40(b). This is taxed at the firm's 30% slab plus surcharge and cess. FinTax24 computes the Section 40(b) ceiling before the books are closed. We advise on restructuring partner remuneration to maximise the allowable deduction.
## How FinTax24 Handles Your ITR-5 Filing
**Step 1 — Section 44AB threshold check and books recommendation.** We assess whether the firm crossed the ₹1 crore turnover threshold for AY 2026-27. We advise on whether the firm qualifies for the Section 44AD presumptive route. This applies if all partners are individuals and the firm is not a profession. If audit is required, we introduce the firm to a practicing tax professional for Form 3CA and Form 3CD preparation. We also review the Partnership Deed or LLP Agreement for consistency with the books.
**Step 2 — Books finalisation with Section 40(b), 40(a)(ia), and depreciation adjustments.** The firm's Profit & Loss Account and Balance Sheet are finalised with all applicable adjustments. These include disallowed partner salary and interest under Section 40(b). They include TDS shortfall disallowances under Section 40(a)(ia). They include Section 43B adjustments for bonus and PF paid after the due date. They include depreciation computed on a block-wise basis under Section 32. We reconcile the books against bank statements and TDS certificates.
**Step 3 — Tax audit coordination and Form 3CD preparation.** We work with the tax professional to ensure Form 3CD is prepared correctly. The most common causes of Form 3CD objections from the IT department are failure to disclose all related-party transactions, mismatches between the depreciation schedule and the books, and omission of Section 80JJAA or Section 80M deductions. We cross-check the CA's draft against the firm's books before upload.
**Step 4 — ITR-5 drafting with Schedule BP and Schedule A1.** The return is drafted with all applicable schedules. Schedule BP computes business profit after applying all deductions and disallowances. Schedule A1 captures each partner's PAN, name, DIN (for designated partners), profit-sharing ratio, and capital account. Any mismatch between the partner KYC in Schedule A1 and the partner details on the Income-tax portal causes an ITR rejection. We verify every partner entry against PAN records.
**Step 5 — E-filing with managing partner or designated partner DSC.** ITR-5 is uploaded with the digital signature of the managing partner (for a partnership firm) or designated partner (for an LLP). The DSC must be registered on the e-filing portal. It must belong to the signatory named in the Partnership Deed or LLP Agreement. We handle the complete e-filing. We monitor the 143(1) processing intimation. We flag any discrepancy between the refund claimed and the refund issued.
## Common Mistakes to Avoid
- **Wrong ITR form — filing ITR-4 instead of ITR-5.** Partnership firms and LLPs cannot file ITR-4 SUGAM even if their turnover falls within the presumptive threshold under Section 44AD. ITR-4 is reserved for individuals and HUFs. Filing the wrong form is treated as a defective return under Section 139(9).
- **Section 40(b) limit exceeded without adjustment.** If partner salary exceeds ₹1,50,000 per partner or 90% of book profit, the excess is disallowed. But the firm's books often record the full salary payment as an expense without making the Section 40(b) adjustment. We compute the ceiling before the P&L is finalised, not after.
- **Schedule A1 partner KYC errors.** Every partner in Schedule A1 must have a correct PAN and DIN (for LLPs). If a partner's PAN is quoted incorrectly or a DIN is missing for a designated partner, the return is treated as defective. We verify all partner KYC against Income-tax portal records before filing.
- **Form 3CD mismatches with books.** The amounts disclosed in Form 3CD must match the books exactly. This applies particularly to clauses relating to depreciation, Section 40(a)(ia) disallowances, and related-party transactions. Any discrepancy between the Form 3CD and the filed ITR causes a mismatch notice under Section 143(1)(a). We reconcile the CA's draft Form 3CD against the firm's financial statements before it is uploaded.
